"The current literature has almost disregarded heads of state in parliamentary systems on the premise that these institutions are inconsequential, but the examples introduced earlier suggest otherwise. If presidents in parliamentary systems were indeed irrelevant, it would be unreasonable for politicians to devote so much effort to defining these positions when designing constitutions. Certainly, when a large number of countries are in the process of constitutional reconstruction, to provide better guidance in political engineering, the research agenda of the academic community should reflect the salience of issues in practical politics."